Late Adulthood And Depression Essays - Depression,

Late Adulthood And Depression Late Adulthood and Depression Late adulthood should be a time in a persons life where they feel fulfilled. They can look back on their memories and be happy with the way they have lived their life. Now, too many elderly people are not satisfied and look at this stage as depressing. Most fear death of either a loved one or for themselves. This topic is interesting to me because elderly people should make the best of their last stage of life. This topic discusses about getting older, the life changes that they go through physically, emotionally, and mentally. We should know more about it so that we can help our family and friends get through one of the best, yet toughest part of our mortal life. Depression is defined as a state of despondency marked by feelings of powerlessness and hopelessness (Coon, 2001). Some people can mix up depression with just having the blues because of a couple of bad days or even weeks. It is already said that depression affects about one sixth of the population or more (Doris, Ebmeier, Shajahan, 1999). Depression can happen in any age range from birth to death. The cause of depression is still obscure and becoming clear that a number of diverse factors are likely to be implicated, both genetic and environmental. Some causes are leading stressful lives, genetic factors, a previous depressive episode, and the personality trait neuroticism (Doris, et al., 1999). There are many common symptoms in which everybody looks for which is unhappiness and disappointment. Symptoms that are different, pervasive, or interfere with normal function are considered to be pathological. Some symptoms include loss of pleasure in almost all activities, loss of reactivity to usually pleasurable stimuli, significant loss of appetite or weight loss and excessive or inappropriate guilt (Doris, et al., 1999). There are many forms of treatment that can be used for this disease. There are always new research and medications that are being tested out on patients. Many depressed patients will not go and get help. Pharmacotherapy is the most common treatment in primary care response rates between 50% and 60%, and is often used in addition to supportive counseling. (Doris, et al., 1999) More treatments that can be used are Electro-convulsive therapy (ECT), Repetitive trans-cranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), and many alternative physical therapies. Electro-convulsive ther apy is used in severe, life-threatening depressive illnesses. This is usually used after pharmacotherapy has failed. Repetitive trans-cranial magnetic stimulation is an experimental treatment for depression. Although there are not many studies involving this treatment, patients either have treatment-resistant depression or have less severe disorders. (Doris, et al., 1999). The age of late adulthood rages from the age of sixty and above. For some elderly people, life after retirement can be great. Yet for some, it can be the worse time of their life. Work has always been a central concern in their lives, symbolizing their identities and providing them with self-esteem. (Kavanaugh, 1997). The changes that occur to their body and mind can change how they choose to live the rest of their life. In Erick Ericksons psychosocial dilemmas, late adulthood deals with integrity versus despair. This is defined as a conflict in old age between feelings of personal integrity and the despair that occurs when previous life events are viewed with regret (Coon, 2001). When thinking back about their lives, they should feel good and when they start to think about the failure in their life is when they have feelings of depression because they know it is too late to change anything. Old age deepens our understanding- not only of ourselves, but of aspects of life we may have avoided ( Matousek, 1999). Depression can occur at any age, but usually increases among older people. One of the big causes of late adulthood depression is related to the loss of a loved one or spouse. In a study done by the American Family Physician, people were divided into five groups of newly bereaved, long-term widowed, sill-married, the divorced and the never-married. Data were collected on 5,449 persons, with 223 considered newly bereaved. (Miller, 2000) These people had a higher rate of depressive symptoms compared with the other study groups. About one

How to Use the IRS Taxpayer Advocate Service to Get Tax Help

How to Use the IRS Taxpayer Advocate Service to Get Tax Help You may be able to get tax help from the​ Taxpayer Advocate Service, an independent organization within the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). It is charged with assisting taxpayers who are experiencing economic difficulty and need help resolving tax problems that have not been resolved through normal channels, or who believe that an IRS system or procedure is not working as it should. You may be eligible for assistance if: You are experiencing economic harm, financial difficulty, or significant cost (including fees for professional representation) for yourself, your family, or your business.You or your business is facing the threat of an immediate adverse action.You have experienced a delay of more than 30 days to resolve a tax issue or havent been able to get a response from the IRS after repeated attempts at contacting them.You have not received a response or resolution to your problem by the date promised by the IRS. The service is free, confidential, tailored to meet taxpayers needs, and available for businesses as well as individuals. There is at least one local taxpayer advocate in each state, the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico. Taxpayers can contact the Taxpayer Advocate Service by calling its toll-free line at 1-877-777-4778 or TTY/TTD 1-800-829-4059 to determine whether they are eligible for assistance. Taxpayers can also call or write to their local taxpayer advocate, whose phone number and address are listed in the local telephone directory and in Publication 1546 (.pdf), The Taxpayer Advocate Service of the IRS - How to Get Help With Unresolved Tax Problems. What to Expect from a Taxpayer Advocate If you qualify for the help of a taxpayer advocate, you will be assigned to one person. Youll get your advocates contact information including name, phone number, and employee number. The service is confidential, required by law to provide secure and independent communications separate from other IRS offices. However, with your permission, they will disclose information to other IRS employees to help resolve your problems. Your advocate will do an impartial review of your problem, giving your updates on their progress and timeframes for action. You can also expect to get advice on how you can prevent problems with your federal tax returns in the future. Some taxpayer advocate offices provide video conferencing and virtual help, depending on the state. Information You Will Need to Provide to the Taxpayer Advocate Be ready to provide your full identification and contact information, including social security number or employee identification number, name, address, phone number. Organize your information on the problem you are having with your taxes, so your advocate will be able to understand it. This should include what steps you have taken to contact the IRS, which offices you contacted, and how you have already tried to resolve your problem. You can also fill out IRS Form 2848, Power of Attorney and Declaration of Representative, or Form 8821, Tax Information Authorization and send those to your advocate. These authorize another person to discuss your tax issue or to receive information about your tax issue.

Learning ,development- education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Learning ,development- education - Essay Example But as she reached the level of grade 6 her problems started. She started showing apathy for learning or in studies for that matter. From her own version it came to be known that she finds the instructional material difficult. Her inability to understand the learning material could be considered the actual cause of this gradual recoiling from studies. At this stage the main point of concern is the cause of Jenny’s decreasing grasping power or academic receptivity. Previous record shows that Jenny has no intelligence deficit or learning disability symptoms. So it is assumed that she is suffering from acute loss of motivation. At this point the transition to grade 6 or a comparatively higher educational grade has played a significant role in unnerving her. Being promoted to the senior class along with facing a new and qualitative standard of study material has probably created a mental block and as a result she has become demoralized and self-doubting. Her position can best be described as having lack of academic resilience (Martin, 2002). In education academic resilience among students is essential in persistently maintaining a standard because as one climbs to higher grades the standard of education increases and so does expectation from students. According to the expectancy value theory, students look for both motivation for success and the ‘incentive value of the goal’ (Hootstein, 1994). Jenny is facing this typical problem and as she cannot come out of it she is gradually getting de-motivated. From this point of view it could be said that Jenny has little academic resilience (Martin, 2002). Firstly she cannot understand that such a mental block and thereby loss of focus is natural and it is curable. Secondly Jenny has to develop resilience to accept failure and fight back with renewed energy. The promising part of Jenny’s case is that she has only lost her motivation that requires to be regained with proper care and guidance

Unites States Department of Health and Human Services Essay

Unites States Department of Health and Human Services - Essay Example HHS has taken several enforcement actions (as demonstrated by 4 examples). There are many U.S. Court rulings of interest regarding HHS (as demonstrated by 6 examples). The Cabinet is the highest executive branch of the federal government of the United States of America. It consists of officers (each designated as ‘Secretary’ except the Attorney General) whose nomination is first made by the President and later confirmed by the Senate. Each Secretary is the head of a Department (Wikipedia, 2007). Prior to 1979, there existed the Department of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW). In operation since 1953, its affairs were managed by the United States Secretary of Health, Education & Welfare. The last Secretary of this Department was Patricia Roberts Harris (1979). In the years leading up to 1979 there was an increasingly uneasy feeling that the HEW was over-burdened as health, education and welfare assumed greater importance as the American population grew. With its finger on the pulse of the American people, the ruling Democrats took the revolutionary step of reorganizing the HEW. On October 17, 1979, the 39th President of the United States, Jimmy Carter, signed as ordinance the Department of Education Organization Act (PL 96-98). Marking the one and only time in U.S. history that a President used his inherent authority to reorganize a Cabinet-level Department, this Act officially separated the HEW into two Departments – the United States Department of Health & Human S ervices (HHS), and the United States Department of Education (ED). Both HHS and ED started operating officially on May 4, 1980 (Wikipedia, 2007). The HHS was further strengthened on March 31, 1995, when the welfare portfolio was taken from it and entrusted to a newly created independent federal agency called Social Security Administration headed by a commissioner who reported directly to the President. The glaring defects of the much-criticized Aid

Philosophy paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Philosophy paper - Essay Example On a comparative approach a major theme that can be retrieved from these books is the aspect of Buddhism as a religion as well as the incorporation of what Kitaro Nishida term as â€Å"Pure Existence†. Introduction This paper will seek to make a comparative study approach to compare and contrast in detail the following physiological texts. These include; â€Å"What the Buddha Taught† by Walpola Rahula and â€Å"An Inquiry Into The Good† by Kitaro Nishida and translated by Masao Abe and Christopher Ives. The notion behind the book, â€Å"What the Buddha Taught† was first to introduce the concept of Buddhism as a religion. Walpola Rahula sought to bring the understanding of the teachings of Buddha and Buddhism as a religion among people. He sought to bring out Buddha as a person who was very simplistic in his nature. Walpola Rahula also introduced the Buddhist attitude on mind that states, â€Å"Man is supreme-one is one’s refuge-responsibility-Doubt -Freedom of Thought-Tolerance†. This indicated that man was a supreme being and he was responsibility, doubt, freedom and tolerance. In other words, man was the only being that was known to exist beyond the super natural. In this light, Walpola Rahula sought to bring about the Four Noble Truths relates to Buddhism. ... Walpola Rahula sought to explain that if the root causes of problems were eliminated from our world, then we would ensure that freedom was existent and he termed this freedom as Nirvana. However he also added that Nirvana was impossible to attain as the root could not be solely eliminated. The fourth noble truth was â€Å"Magga† that is â€Å"The Path†. This was termed as the path that was to lead to Nirvana. As stated Nirvana was freedom that was hard to accomplish because the root causes could also not be completely eliminated. Moreover, the noble path consisted of the following; Right Understanding, Right Thought, Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness and finally Right Concentration. The Middle Path was a planned path that led to development and progress and an individual who ought to follow the noble path would be guided and protected by the existing law that was referred to as Dhamma. It also added that this path led to a fut ure that was free from misery and unhappiness (â€Å"The Noble Eight-Fold Path†). The Noble Eight-Fold Path was grouped into four categories that include: Wisdom, Morality and Mental Development. According to De Silva (1990) wisdom incorporated Right Understanding and Right Thoughts. Right Understanding was related to having knowledge about the four noble truth and what they are. This also included understanding what karma was and being knowledgeable how it comes around and ways to avoid Karma by making the right decisions. As a result of Right Understanding came Right Thoughts that could lead to thinking in a positive and morally upright manner. Morality incorporated Right Speech, Right Action and Right Livelihood. Right Speech involved saying what is true and

History And Future Of Mahindra And Mahindra Limited Business Essay

History And Future Of Mahindra And Mahindra Limited Business Essay Mahindra and Mahindra limited is a part of the huge Mahindra group. Mahindra is a company, which has started before independence under K.C Mahindra and J.C Mahindra along with Malik Gulam Mohammed. In 1945 the company was called as Mahindra and Mohammed later after independence Malik Gulam Mohammed left the elite and he became the finance minister for Pakistan. After his exit the company changed its name into Mahindra and Mahindra (MM). In 1947, the company started its business from assembling jeeps and slowly moved on to making utility vehicles and agricultural tractors. With in no time MM as emerged as one of the leading brands in India. Today MM is a diversified group employing more that 65,000 people directly. MM has substantial presence in sectors like automobile, equipment for farms, financial services, automobile components, after-market, IT and infrastructure. MM is one of the Indias most respected and reputed business groups. Reputation Institute declared MM as one of the most reputed companies in the world. MM is also only one of the ten Indian companies to get featured in the prestigious Forbes magazine. Over the past few decades the company has grown in the international automotive segment.  MM has a strong presence in several countries across the world including Italy, Spain, Turkey, Australia, South Africa, Brazil, Chile and South Asia.   Few of the core values of the MM are Good Corporate Citizenship, Professionalism, Customer First, Quality Focus and Dignity Of The Individual. We dont have a group-wide mission statement. Our Core Purpose is what makes all of us want to get up and come to work in the morning Anand G. Mahindra. The core purpose of MM: Indians are second to none in the world. The Founders of our nation and of our Company passionately believed this. We will prove them right by believing in ourselves and by making Mahindra Mahindra Limited known worldwide for the quality of its products and services. Milestones achieved MM: 1945 2nd October 1945 Mahindra and Mohammed established. 1949 Jeep assembly started. 1956 Company shares were listed on Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE). 1969 MM started their venture into the world market by exporting utility vehicles and spare parts. 1975 MM developed diesel engine for over coming the fuel crisis. 1983 MM became the market leader in the Indian tractor market. 1986 established Tech Mahindra. 1994 Implemented BPR programs. 2000 MM adopted a new logo. 2002 Launched SUV Scorpio. 2004 Launched Mahindra World tractor in International Market. 2009 MM launched Xylo. 2010 MM acquired Ssangyong and a major share in electric car company Reva. Few factors that affect the business environments are: Social factors: Every business organisation operates within the norms of the society and exists primarily to satisfy its needs. Hence, a business organisation has an important position in social system. The social factors influence the policy and strategy of business; the organisation strives to satisfy the needs and wants of the society. There are many social factors that affect the policy and strategy of corporate management. Culture, value, tastes and preferences, social integration and disintegration, and so on must be a part of every business organisation. As observed by Keith Davis and Robert Blomstrom, business is a social institution performing a social mission and having a broad influence on the way people live and work together. Many companies that are hugely successful contribute a lot to the society. At MM corporate social responsibility is taken very seriously in 2009 MMs employees contributed 49,280 man-hours towards social programs. Mahindra and Mahindra contribute 1% of its profit after tax (PAT) for developing the society every year. MM considered education and training as powerful tools to address majority of Indian social challenges. Corporate Social Responsibility has always been an integral part of the vision of the Mahindra Group and the corner stone of our core value of good corporate citizenship Keshub Mahindra. In a way by helping the society, MM is enjoying the fruits of it, after all business is only a part of the society. I think because of MMs strong CSR activities it is wining the hearts of the people and not allowing any NGO to point fingers. Ecological Factors: Protection of the environment and preservation of ecological balance is the responsibility of every business organisation. Ecology deals with the study of the environment, biotic factors, abiotic factors, and their interactions with one another. A change in any biotic or a biotic factor causes ecological imbalance. Industrial activities, automobiles, emission of fumes or smoke and effluents, and so on, result in environmental degradation. MM is committed to the preservation of ecological balance. MM has turned 400 acres of barren land in to a park; MM had planted across 7000 trees near its factories to counterfeit the pollution. Environment is the key factor that no company tries to neglect. MM takes up lot of activities to help the environment. Its a fact that buildings consume 40 percent of the worlds energy; keeping this in mind MM started retrofitting their towers for Energy efficiency. The result was that they started consuming 10 percent less energy when compared with their previous consumptions. The retrofitting has affected an average savings of 36,185 kWh / month, the equivalent CO2  saved is 29.3 tonnes / month. As carbon-di-oxide is one of those gases that contribute to global warming MM decided to reduce the consumption of paper. Now MM uses different software to keep the use of paper as low as possible. MM took up an activity of refurbishing of water reservoir, which is now helping 4000 dwellers. Economic Factors: Economic factors, such as per capita income, national income, resource mobilisation, infrastructure development, capital formation, employment generation, and so on, influence the business environment. The economic performance of a company also determines its business environment. The economic factors helped MM to some extent to become successful, like getting cheap labourers etc. but MM had really worked very hard to over come the other things like formation of capital in not so strong economy, dealing with infrastructure problems etc. Government Policies: The government policies provide the basic environment for business. Industrial and licensing policies, trade policies, labour policies, export-import policies, foreign exchange policies, taxation policies etc pave the way for business environment. In brief the policies that were changed and their effect on MM. In between the period of 1947 to 1979 the government intervention was too much and indirectly the government was playing the major role. As MM was not a huge company at that time the government protected it. The policies gave an encouragement to the industry that in turn means encouragement to the company. The one disadvantage MM faced was due to licensing competition was curbed. In between period 1980 to 1990 the policies were a bit liberal and government less involved in companies activities. In this time frame competition slowly picked up which helped MM to be more efficient and effective. After 1991 government never played a direct role but played an indirect role. Due to liberalization MM started raising its standards and started simulating demand. Only after 1991 MM started exporting a lot and investing in RD a lot. The above snap shot shows how important are policies for a business. The success tool for MM was having the flexible nature, which allowed it to take advantage of the policies. Cultural Factors: The cultural factors of a business environment should also be taken into consideration while scanning the environment and during the policy formation. Policymakers in a global business cannot disregard cultural variables like social and religious practices, education, knowledge, rural community norms and beliefs. A company like MM, which has its growth in a globally oriented way, takes these cultural factors very seriously; one example is that MM supplies customised jeeps to Australia, which suits their local style or culture. Geographical factors: In a global business environment, geographical locations, seasonal variations, climatic conditions etc. considerably affect the tastes and preferences of customers, and also prospects and the labour force. The pace of development in various geographical locations considerably influences the policies of the government regarding industrial locations. Some times this helped MM because, if the government wants to develop some particular region it gives a lot of subsidies for the companies that are interested in setting up their plant in that region. Legal Factors: Law in India regulates every aspect of business. Hence, the legal government plays a very vital role in the business. The legal factors in India (pre liberalisation) that effected MM are like heavy protection from government by using the licenses, huge excise duties, discrimination done by the government on the basis of price, very high import duties and liberal policies for the foreign players. During this period MM was not so successful in expanding but after liberalisation MM grew at a huge rate. The legal factors post liberalisation period that helped MM grow are like the complete removal of the license raj system, excise duties were continuously restructured, reducing the duties on import and allowing fdi. Labour factors: Although labour with in the organisation constitute its internal environment, general labour policies and climate may form a part of the external environment. MM always strictly followed Labour laws in compensating their employees and other things that fall under that law. One incident were MM dint handled its employees very well was in 1994 when company went for Business Process Reengineering (BPR) their was huge opposition from the labour unions then the company after few months managed the situation and till date the company enjoyed the support of its employees. One of the core principles of MM states that their employees are considered as a very valuable resource. Technological Factors: Technology is considered to be one of the most important factors of any business environment. That is why the Government has always stressed about sophisticated technology and technology transfer in most of its policies. Foreign investment up to 100 percent is allowed in industries with sophisticated technology. MM has always laid emphasis on RD and always tried to make technologically sound products. The recent acquisition of Ssangyong motors by MM was mainly for the technology, this shows the companies quest for technology. MM recently acquired the electric car company Reva that shows their prediction for the future and they what to be ready by not considering technology as a barrier to their success. Competitive Market Condition: Competitive market condition is an important environmental factor, especially in a global business environment. In a socialist economic environment, a centralised authority -the government controls the market whereas the competitive forces determine the market in a fully capitalist economy. India, which has accepted the middle path, had been fostering both the conditions. As a result of liberalisation, some characteristics integrating the Indian economy with the global economy has emerged. As a result, a competitive market condition has emerged in India, creating a competitive business environment. A situation of perfect competition is seen in automobiles, fmcg etc. This is often taken as an opportunity by MM to grow and to show its capability in the market. Creating competitive market is the responsibility of every player in the market. MM keeps its responsibility by having competition in terms of both price and non-price with its other counter parts. In a way MM is helping itself and also the economy. A competitive business environment is an essential characteristic of globalisation. The nature of competition varies in different economic systems. In the context of widespread globalisation process, tremendous changes are taking place in the business environment of economic systems. MM concern for the international business environment is understandable in relation to the globalisation of business. Conclusions: All the above factors have affected MM in positive and negative way. But by studying these very closely has helped MM to take or to develop broad strategies and very long term policies for itself, by having clear understanding of the different environment factors MM was able to analyse its competitors strategies and, thereby, formulate effective counter strategies. Knowledge about the environment helped MM to be dynamic in its approach, which means that MM had very flexible structure for their strategies or policies that helped them to be dynamic in nature. Being a company that has expanded overseas needs to understand the above factors to have a visibility over the changing socio-economic factors at the national and international level for its stability. The executives of MM were able to adjust to the prevailing conditions and, thus, influence the environment in order to make it congenial for business. The environmental factor plays a major role for MM to expand overseas. In the post liberalisation period government reducing the import duties helped the company to improve its infrastructure and technologies. With the allowance of fdi in to the country MM started expanding and in a way made it a conglomerate. The structure of the industry, which includes the company and the competitors in addition to the potential entrants, suppliers, buyers, and so on determines the level of competition. Hence, the environment is influenced by all of them in some manner or the other. The business policy of every player has, therefore, to take cognisance of the treats posed by every other player including the entrants. Thus, subject to the influence of a number of factors, the business environment provides opportunities and threats, while its internal environment provides its strengths and weaknesses.

Confronting Reality: How Nosferatu Exemplifies Film Horror Tactics Essa

Many films, and sometimes film genres, are dismissed as being part of the cinema of escapism. This assumes that in times of particular social or economic hardship (often on a national or international level), people go to movies for the sole purpose of â€Å"getting away from it all.† While some films may follow this overall trend, it is important to note that it cannot be a generalization made for all films. During the Weimar era in Germany, the nation was in the midst of a national struggle on many fronts. As a people, Germans attempted to deal with their past (the problems during World War I as well as the consequences of their loss) and move toward the future (finding a solution for their economic struggles and defining themselves culturally and socially). This period saw a resurgence of the horror genre, this time adapted to the new medium of film. However, the way horror was portrayed via film is the interesting part: it drew specifically on the struggles of the na tion to instill horror. This is an exact reversal of the idea of cinematic escapism, since many Weimar era horror films used relatable struggles in order to both entertain and terrify (in this case, existing concurrently as well as dependently on each other). One of the clearest examples of this is through the film Nosferatu, a cinematic retelling of Bram Stoker’s novel Dracula directed by F.W. Murnau. The budding horror genre of the Weimar era, as exemplified by Nosferatu, succeeded because it drew parallels to the German people’s collective post-World War I mindset, including references to the terrible nature of the war itself and the fearful prospect of how to move forward. Nosferatu employs various plot points and imagery to elicit an emotional response ... ...dience long after the film reels have stopped turning. The idea of a â€Å"scary movie† could be innocuous enough, if it is simply frights and ghoulish images, but Nosferatu raised the bar and discovered how to delve into a collective mindset and produce a truly unsettling product. Germany’s residual shame and concern regarding World War I made Nosferatu a gripping, telling exploration of a nation’s psyche. Works Cited Bodek, Richard. â€Å"The Not-So-Golden Twenties: everyday Life and Communist Agitprop in Weimar-Era Berlin.† Journal of Social History. Vol. 30, No. 1. Autumn 1996. Calhoon, Kenneth S. â€Å"Horror vacui.† Peripheral Visions: The Hidden Stages of Weimar Cinema. Wayne State University Press: Detroit, 2001. Kracauer, Siegfried. From Caligari to Hitler: A Psychological History of the German Film. Princeton University Press: Princeton and Oxford, 2004.

The culture of management versus medicine

Are doctors, good managers? Are they even trained at all to be managers? These are poignant questions that have always arisen from the dichotomy that seems to exist between the arts of medicine for which a doctor is trained and the acts of management to which he is constantly exposed to within the hospital walls. Until a doctor actually seat down to ask the question sincerely, scrutinize his answer properly and task appropriate steps at merging the two indispensable qualities, he would constantly be faced with challenges that can be more Herculean than arriving at differential diagnoses. These two concepts are indispensable in the life of a doctor, and that of any other health professional. They can actually be merged. More than that, really, they must be merged for full and productive society. A medical officer trained in the art of medicine must develop the skills of human relationships: these skills would help him manage the enormous resources that are his disposal for sustaining a functional health care centre. These resources are human resources: the colleagues at work, other members of the medical team which he works such as nurses, physiotherapists, laboratory technologists etc, and even the patients that he attends to. A great deal of effort has to be put in organizing this group of people; it is in doing this that productivity is ascertained, excellence fostered and results become increasing forthcoming. Other health care providers need be aware of this important knowledge. Government officials who are involved in funding the health sector also need to be carried along in this train of Medicine and Management train for holistic and productive funding. It is therefore not far from the truth that the culture of medicine and management need prompt reconciliation. The need for reconciliation is more overwhelming and irresistible as facts abound for its emergency. The differences need to be reconciled as soon as possible. The reconciliation is possible. More than possible, it could be said that it is existing, only that it is silent. The clamor then would be for a formal and gradual or sudden erosion of the apparent dichotomy. This can be achieved through a foundational work. No strong change can be made to a structure without an overhauling of its foundation. The medical school for the health practitioners and the other institutions of higher learning are the major places where this can be achieved. For medical personnel, education among managerial skills in their medical training can be of tremendous impact in achieving this indispensable reconciliation. For managers interested in medicine, an introductory course on medical education would also help. If it is part of curriculum, it gradually becomes a way of life that would span ages. Apart of this consistent courses and seminars would also be of help for all health workers. These would insidiously push this point home. Really, if this is done, there would enhanced health care delivery as more managers of all forms of resources would be produced. With these, and the general Public benefit a lot. SOURCES Harvard Medical School [Medicine and Management] www.kff.org [Kaiser family foundation]

Organizational Behavior Essays - Free Essays

Employee Attitude/Organizational Behavior Essays - Free Essays Employee Attitude/Organizational Behavior Introduction A happy worker makes for a good worker you say? Well, United Airlines had somewhat of an all for one employee attitude in July 1994. They announced the purchase of their own company for which they work for $5 billion through ESOP (Employee Stock Ownership Plan). So now, in the case of United Airlines, there obviously is a soar in employee productivity and spirits. Stocks have risen 120% due to this buyout (almost three times higher than the airline industry average gain). Every company or small business owner desires a positive employee attitude within his or her organization for high productivity and quality. United Airlines achieved this because the employees themselves took action, but for the majority, it is the managements first move. Taking the Apple from the tree The Idiots Guide for Changing Employee Attitudes would say to pay the employee what O.J. paid his defense team. Take away the money part of a job then no one except an old volunteer worker for a Save the World Foundation or a simple dork is going to show favorable attitudes towards the job. Now lets get realbut I thought that we were! Money can hypnotize some employees to become a more productive worker, but not all employees. (And even the ones that are motivated at the first glimpse of dead presidents will soon want. you guessed it, more money in order to drag their lazy ass up the next step). What about Bill Gates techno wizards at Microsoft? What sum of money short of Bills own bank account is going to motivate these 30-year-old Gulfstream owners to change their snobbish attitudes? On a more practical basis, what about those employees who value intrinsic rewards over the monetary type? Not all employees will be weaned with the flash of cash. So we all must consider the fact that human beings will be consistent towards the general sense of satisfaction, but what sort of things lead to this satisfaction? What kind of satisfaction are we looking for? More so, what is going to satisfy an employee? Most of the research in the study of OB (Organizational Behavior) are concerned with job satisfaction, job involvement and organizational commitment. (Robbins, 1997) The second two attitudes, job involvement and organizational commitment, are more or less the results of job satisfaction. An employee who has a high level of job satisfaction tends to bear attitudes, which are favorable to the organization. When a prospective employee goes to that interview, there are going to be friends of that prospect who will give the most simple advice of Sell yourself! This is your chance to prove yourself to that important company! Little do those simpleton friends know that this is also the chance for the company to lay a sales pitch on the prospect too! Managers are concerned with the efficient operation and profit margin of the company more so than an employees job satisfaction. (Robbins, 1997) To managers, an employees job satisfaction is just an insurance that the employee will be productive and not skip work, and of course, to get the best man for the job. So of course, when a manager giving the interview favors a prospect, only the jobs favorable side will tend to be revealed. The prospect is told of a wonderland where the corporate ladder is actually a stepping stool. There is no mention of the negative sides, to which the manager does a David Copperfield on. The applicant now has expecta tions about this job that has to be met by the job or there will be a lot of dissatisfied employees. Balancing the positives with the negatives is important so that the employee will not be disappointed and become a problem that couldve been avoided from the beginning. (Robbins, 1997) Mirror, mirror on the wall. Successful leaders have vision, communicate well, make effective decisions, and motivate their followers. Employees are more likely to respond to a leader who is likable and credible. A leader who would want to change attitudes must have a very unbiased one. The managements attitude is going to give employees a very visual idea of how his or her job at the organization is going to generally be, and once

Guide to Writing Argumentative Essays in Management All Under Control!

Guide to Writing Argumentative Essays in Management All Under Control! What Is an Argumentative Essay in Management? An argumentative essay is an essay that discusses both sides of a specific issue. Various ideas may be presented equally, or one side may be shown more forcefully in comparison with another side, depending on the writer’s position regarding the particular topic. The main goal of an argumentative essay is to approach the problem from various angels and provide a different perspective on the issue. This type of essay requires one to conduct thorough research and gather and evaluate a considerable amount of data. The argumentative essays in management aim to cover different concepts about organizing, coordinating, and planning that are the basis of management studies. As management studies and theories greatly expanded over the last decades, numerous debatable and even controversial approaches appeared. Argumentative essays in management analyze strong and weak sides of various aspects of these approaches and provide the audience with a full understanding of the topic. Choosing a Topic for an Argumentative Essay As a usual rule, choosing a topic for an argumentative essay in management comes without difficulties as there is a wide range of issues and problems that may be discussed in the management studies. However, it is crucial to pay attention and choose a topic that was not widely discussed and explained before or approach this issue from a new perspective otherwise. Some of the examples of argumentative essays in management include: Cultural Differences in Various Approaches to Managing People; Is an Effective Manager an Effective Leader? The Significance of Stress Reduction Strategies; Successful Management of Human Resources; Different Approaches to Team Building; Manager’s Response to Crisis; Challenges of Supply Chain Management; The Evolving Nature of Team Work; Understanding the Difference between Leadership and Management; Management of Diversity in the Changing Era of Globalization and Modernization. Pre-Writing Tips In case the topic was not provided by the professor, the student should choose one on his/her own. Selecting a topic is the first and most crucial part of the pre-writing process. One of the essential aspects that one needs to realize is that the process of developing a topic for an argumentative essay in management is specific in several ways. Firstly, one who is considering different issues for an argumentative essay in management should avoid selecting those topics they feel passionate about because of the possibility of bias. The student should remain focused on providing the audience with information supported by facts and data but without any indications of partiality. Another important aspect is the need to focus on a narrow and specific topic, without deepening into unnecessary or irrelevant details. The next step is making a thorough research on the topic. The author should gather enough relevant material in order to write a successful argumentative essay. The students should not overestimate their knowledge on the issue. Even if they have prior knowledge about the topic, that is crucial to broaden that knowledge by conducting research and gathering additional information. One may start by reviewing reading materials from the class on the subject, lecture notes, or presentation slides. After gaining the necessary information, it is time to create the paper’s structure and a thesis statement. One may write down all the aspects they aim to cover in the essay and organize it properly. One may consider using secondary sources to gain more information for analysis after the structure of the essay is formed. One may use numerous management journals that contain a wide variety of relevant articles to find evidence to support their points. There should be created a considerable b ase of sources that one should use to support their claims and points. The successful argumentative essay is based on the facts and data that come from reliable and credible sources. While working on the development of the essay structure, the student should focus on covering the most important details and leaving out the irrelevant information for the particular issue. There are several strategies that may help conduct productive research. Firstly, one may write down on paper any thoughts regarding the topic that come to their mind, without considering their relevance. Such a strategy is called free writing, and it allows creating the general image of the paper. After all the ideas were written down, the student may analyze them and highlight the most crucial. Another way to make the paper meaningful and deep is called questions asking. While forming an essay structure, one may ask themselves such questions: Why should anyone be interested in this particular topic? Why is it significant to discuss this issue? What value does the presented information contain? Why is it important to include this point? Is there anything else I have to say about this topic? While preparing for writing the essay, it is essential to consider the target audience. The class assignment that will be read only by the instructor and the paper for the conference should be written in different ways. One should focus on writing in such a way that is expected from his/her and focus on the necessary details. Structure of an Informative Essay The structure of an argumentative essay is not any different from a typical structure of an academic essay. The paper starts with an introduction that explains why the audience should be interested in the presented topic. A well-constructed thesis statement is the most critical part of the introductory paragraph that usually is the last sentence of the introduction. The next part is the body paragraphs. They should include background information, supporting evidence, and counterargument to address all the aspects of the topic. Usually, the argumentative essay contains three body paragraphs, but if the discussed topic is complicated, it is reasonable to write more body paragraphs. The last part of the paper is the conclusion where one should sum up all the presented information and restate the thesis statement. Outline An argumentative essay in management starts with an introduction that contains one or two paragraphs. The purpose of the introduction is to set up and state the main argument. The introductory paragraph should be interesting and drawing the readers’ attention. Additionally, background information should be provided as it will allow understanding the author’s central claim. While writing the argumentative essay in management, it is essential to give a brief explanation of the concepts or theories that will be discussed in the paper. The thesis statement is a vital part of the introduction that should be written at the end of the introductory paragraph. It presents one’s main argument in a clear and understandable way. The next part is the background part. Background is an optional paragraph and may be omitted in some papers. In such cases, this information is included in the introduction part. The purpose of the background paragraph is to provide the basis for proving one’s claim. The necessary elements are a summary of the discussed sources, the definition of the key terms, or explanation of the related management theories or concepts. The next paragraph is the first supporting evidence paragraph. The purpose of this part is to prove the argument. One presents the specific item or detail that will allow the audience to gain a better understanding of the issue. The evidence should be introduced either in a few words or in a full sentence that will prove the claimed fact. The supporting evidence should contain either direct quotes or in-text citations from reliable sources to provide a credible background for the claims. After that, one should explain the evidence and provide their interpretation of it. The explanation of the evidence should show how this evidence proves the point that one wants to make in this paragraph. There should be at least two supporting evidence paragraphs, but there can be more in case the topic is complicated and requires in-depth discussion. The last paragraph of the main body part should be the counterargument paragraph. The main goal of this part is to provide the audience with the opposite perspective of the issue and make the essay more objective in this way. While writing the counterargument, the student should anticipate the objections that the readers can rise while reading the essay. One should carefully consider all of the possible arguments that may be posed against some aspects of their claims. After that, they should insert one or more of those arguments in the essay and refute them. The conclusion paragraph should consist of two parts. Firstly, one may consider reminding the audience of the argument and all the supporting evidence that was used. This includes restating essay’s overall claim and supporting evidence. The conclusion should not include any new information or evidence that was not discussed before. Secondly, the conclusion should illustrate the significance of the issue and why one dedicated their time to research this particular topic instead of some other topics. The conclusion should not include the simply restated thesis statement, but illustrate that the author gained a more complex understanding of the topic. What is more important, by the end of the paper, the reader has to understand what was argued in the paper and be ready to hear the larger point. Post-Writing Tips After the draft of the essay is finished, there are a few essential steps that would help complete a successful argumentative essay in management. For instance, it is essential to proofread the paper and check it for vocabulary and grammar mistakes, coherence, and consistency. One may re-read the story out loud as it would help to hear whether all of the sentences make sense, and the essay goes smoothly. Additionally, it would allow seeing unnecessary or redundant details that should be eliminated. In order to make the essay more elaborated, one may ask their peers to give it a look and provide them with an unbiased opinion. Another person may see some crucial mistakes or weak points that were omitted by the author. There is no difference whether the asked person has or has no prior knowledge on the topic as in both cases, their insights may be extremely useful. The peer who is not an expert in the topic will tell whether the paper is written in a clear and understandable way and whether all of the management theories and concepts are well-explained. The peer who has knowledge on the issue may confirm the quality of the written material. One may create a list of self-check questions that will help understand if the paper is written properly. Does the thesis of the essay reflect the issues that I wanted to discuss? Is the main body paragraphs relevant and address the stated argument? Are the used sources credible? Is the theoretical background of management concepts and theories wide enough? The list of questions may vary, depending on the specific topic of the essay. There are some wide-spread mistakes that should be taken into consideration while proofreading the paper. Firstly, it is writing two identical or very similar claims differently by paraphrasing them. Secondly, adding a lot of information that is irrelevant or not necessary for this specific topic. One more common mistake that is intrinsic to the essays in management is making a statement without referring to a particular concept or theory. There are a lot of concepts and methods in management that may be controversial as they provide a different perspective on the points, and it is crucial to refer to a particular idea. Finally, the draft should be edited according to all the notes that were made in the process of revising and transformed into a final version. It would be useful to take one more look at the essay to check if any minor mistakes were left and correct them. Once the author is confident in their work and does not have any more questions left, the paper may be submitted. References Argumentative Essays. Owl Purdue. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/academic_writing/essay_writing/argumentative_essays.html How to Write My Management Essay? A Concise Guide. ManagerWise. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.managerwise.com/do-my-management-essay-for-college/ Steps for Writing an Argumentation Essay. (n.d.) Lycoming College. Retrieved from https://www.lycoming.edu/academicresourcecenter/argumentation.aspx Tucker, K. (2018). What Are the Five Parts of an Argumentative Essay?. Retrieved from https://www.theclassroom.com/five-parts-argumentative-essay-12064227.html

Middle East CTE #2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Middle East CTE #2 - Essay Example The Middle East economies depend entirely on oil. Oil revenue constitutes about 80% of the GDP in the region (Akiner, & Aldis, 2004). The governments of the Middle East countries depend on oil revenue to import basic commodities such as food. Syria, Egypt, and Iran are some of the countries in the region that produce their own food. Due to the environmental effects caused by fossil fuels, the world is searching for alternative sources of energy. The escalating global oil prices also indicate the unsustainability of oil as the main source of energy for global economies (Akiner, & Aldis, 2004). In addition, most economies are considering using alternative sources of energy such as solar, wind and nuclear energy to minimize the revenues spent on oil. For instance, the US consumes about 60% of the total. America import 80% of its oil from Africa and the Middle East. Despite this demand, America is considering other alternative sources of energy in order to attain energy security. The country is investing in other renewable energy such as bio fuels and solar energy to reduce dependence on oil. Other upcoming economies such as China and India have become major oil consumers. However, the upcoming economies are keen about renewable sources of energy. This indicates that the future of oil is unclear since there is like lihood that people will stop using oil in the near future. The Middle East holds 66% of the total global oil reserves. This has a similar implication on the Middle East economies. Thus, the future of the Middle East depends on the industrialized world economies. The on-going efforts to reduce oil dependency in industrialized countries will have significant impacts on Middle East economies. The Middle East economies are likely to reduce significantly according to the rate of oil consumption (Mabro, 2007). However, due to the massive oil wealth in the region, Middle East countries will not experience a rapid economic decline. The

Changes Brought by Occupiers Liability Act to the Common Law Essay

Changes Brought by Occupiers Liability Act to the Common Law - Essay Example The common law of negligence initially applied in cases relating to those who suffered damages while in one’s premise. However, this was to the extent that the claimant proved that a duty of care was owed to him or her under the common law of negligence. However, the common law of negligence had inconsistencies owing to differences in court rulings under the similar set of facts. It also proved less relaxed in holding the owners of premises liable, often for lack of duty of care, more so to visitors and trespassers. These formed the foundation of a legislative intervention The Occupiers liability Acts being enacted. As of now, the law concerning such liability in the United Kingdoms is mostly found in the Occupiers Liability Act 1957 (regarding visitors) while that regarding the non-visitors is largely found Occupiers Liability Act 1984. In as much as the law to a large extent codified common law, the cases have to be relied upon in determining the meaning of â€Å"occupierâ €  and the line between a â€Å"visitor† and a â€Å"trespasser† or a non visitor. According to the Occupiers Liability Act 1957 the occupier only owes a duty of care to the lawful visitors. This duty is similarly owed to the lawfully visitors either to or to on the premise. It is worth noting that the occupiers rather than the owners of the premise retain the liability to compensate the victims injured on the premises as a result of their dangerous state. Sufficient or effective degree of control is used to determine the occupation of the premise. For that reason, one must not necessarily need to be the actual owner of a premise for him or her to be considered the occupier. He may owe the duty if he exercises a substantial extent of control in which case he owes this duty to all lawful visitors with the only exceptions specified in the agreement. The Occupiers’ Liability Act 1984 does not imposes this duty of care on the occupier towards the visitors of the premises; rather it is towards the non visitors, essentially understood as a trespasser. A trespasser for that matter is anybody who goes into the land in another person’s possession intentionally without obtaining a lawful authorization. Taking an example of a theatre, any member of the public who happens to be admitted there is a visitor and the occupier of the theatre owes them a duty of care. The theatre ticket they are issued with serves a license which bears with it an agreement not to be revoked till the end of the performance. As such this is a sufficient authorization (Hurst v Picture Theatres Ltd (1915) 1 KB 1 CA). The extent of liability was traditionally based on whether or not one was a visitor. The question asked then is, who is a visitor? Generally speaking, at common law it was important to know the difference between licensees, invitees and the premise